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09 July 2025

BOOK: Thomas KLEINLEIN (ed.), Weimar: une constitution mondiale? Contexte et réception de la constitution de 1919 (transl. Guy MONARD & Clothilde MELIN; preface Aurore GAILLET) (Paris: La Mémoire du Droit, 2024), € 64

 

(image source: MDD)

Abstract:

Ce volume est consacré au contexte international et à la réception internationale de la Constitution du Reich de Weimar. Des juristes, des politologues et des historiens procèdent à une mise en perspective internationale de la Constitution de 1919 et des discours qui s’y réfèrent. Leurs contributions mettent en évidence aussi bien les références transversales contemporaines que sa réception internationale sur l’axe historique longitudinal. Le contexte international de la Constitution de Weimar est examiné dans le sens d’une comparaison transversale. À quelles influences intellectuelles a­t­elle été soumise ? Quels modèles étrangers ont été utilisés, lesquels ont été sciemment rejetés ? L’histoire de la réception internationale de la Constitution de Weimar constitue un deuxième point fort. Quel a été son impact direct sur l’époque ? Où et quand « Weimar » a­t­il été un argument ? Quels enseignements ont été tirés ailleurs lors des débats constitutionnels ? Quels sont les effets à long terme qui se manifestent au niveau international dans les discours juridiques et intellectuels ?

Read more here

08 July 2025

BOOK: Céline JOUIN, Le Marché du droit. Droit social et capitalisme chez Otto von Gierke [PoliticS; 24] (Paris: Classiques Garnier, 2025), 377 p. ISBN978-2-406-18291-7

 


Abstract:

This comprehensive survey of the theory of Otto von Gierke (1841-1921), founder of the German model of social law, seeks to reintegrate it into the European social sciences. The emphasis is on the critical tools it provides for thinking about the contemporary legal order.

 More information here.

07 July 2025

BOOK: Michael P. FITZSIMMONS, The Forgotten Constitution. The Origins, Realization, and Legacy of the French Constitution of 1791 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2025), 304 p. ISBN 9780197793947, 86 GBP

 

(image source: OUP)

Abstract:

The French Constitution of 1791 has a major legacy that overturned many centuries of historical tradition but remains little known outside of France. It ratified the unprecedented transformation of a society based on monarchy-centered government and legal privilege to one based on a sovereign citizenry and legal equality. Its powerful impact served as the inspiration for the wave of constitution-making that engulfed Europe during the nineteenth century and expanded globally thereafter. Furthermore, with the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen as its original preamble, the Constitution of 1791 is associated with the concept of human rights proclaimed by the United Nations in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948. Drawing on wide-ranging and long-overlooked manuscript sources, The Forgotten Constitution highlights the Constitution of 1791's underappreciated importance and influence in the world. The constitution was the product of a long-term crisis of the Bourbon monarchy grounded in fears of despotism. The idea of a constitution took hold during the 1780s as the means to stabilize the kingdom through a more equitable distribution of power while attempting to accommodate a king. By making a constitution a compact between monarch and people, by its written assurance of civic and natural rights, and by its assertion of legal equality as an essential element of political legitimacy, the Constitution of 1791 codified the principles of the French Revolution. This book shows how it was the French constitutional tradition, inspired by the Constitution of 1791, that drove the Western constitutional ideal, especially in the revolutions of 1848.

Table of contents:

Introduction PART I. THE CREATION OF A BOURBON STYLE OF GOVERNMENT 1. The Rebuilding of Royal Authority 2. Louis XV: Transition and Discord over Monarchy-Centered Government PART II. THE TERMINAL CRISIS OF THE OLD REGIME 3. The Descent into Crisis 4. The Erosion of Monarchy-Centered Government 5. Toward the Estates-General PART III. THE REALIZATION OF THE CONSTITUTION 6. The Pledge of a Constitution 7. The Collapse of Monarchy-Centered Government 8. The Expansion of the Constitution 9. The Completion and Consolidation of the Constitution Conclusion Bibliography Index

On the author:

Michael P. Fitzsimmons is Professor of History Emeritus at Auburn University at Montgomery. His previous books include The Place of Words: The Académie Française and Its Dictionary during an Age of Revolution, The Night the Old Regime Ended: August 4, 1789 and The French Revolution, and The Parisian Order of Barristers and the French Revolution. 

Read more here

 


04 July 2025

JOURNAL: L'infamie, histoire et métamorphoses (Histoire de la Justice XXXV (2024/1))


(image source: cairn)

Avant-propos (Olivier Bosc)
DOI 10.3917/rhj.035.0007

Introduction
L'infamie au Moyen Âge (Claude Gauvard)
DOI 10.3917/rhj.035.0007
First paragraph:
En bonne méthode, commençons par l’étude des mots. Celui d’infamie n’est pas très fréquent au Moyen Âge. C’est ce qu’enseigne le recensement que j’ai pu faire dans les différents dictionnaires, qu’il s’agisse du terme latin infamia ou du moyen français « infamie » ou « enfamie »
L'infamie et l'office du juge (Basile Ader)
DOI 10.3917/rhj.035.0019
First paragraph:
Depuis l’ostracisme athénien jusqu’à l’indignité nationale de la Libération, l’infamie est une marque que l’État inflige à ceux qui méritent l’exclusion de la cité. L’État ne se contente pas d’exclure, il entend que « les infâmes » soient marqués du sceau de l’infamie, pour que cela se sache et ne s’oublie pas. L’opprobre doit être publique et éternelle. C’est le marquage « au fer rouge », celui qui est indélébile.
Partie 1. La construction de l'infamie
La construction de l’infamie dans le droit romano-canonique médiéval (xiie - xiiie siècles) (Corinne Leveleux-Teixeira)
DOI 10.3917/rhj.035.0029
Abstract:
Issue du droit romain, la catégorie d’infamie a été reçue et interprétée par les juristes médiévaux dans une double perspective, substantielle et procédurale. Sur le fond, ils s’efforcèrent de définir les infâmes et de préciser les effets juridiques attachés à ce statut, très pénalisant dans une société à honneur. Sur le plan procédural, leur apport réflexif fut plus décisif encore. La création de la notion d’infamia facti au cours du xiie siècle rendit en effet possible deux évolutions concomitantes : d’une part, l’émergence de la procédure inquisitoire, conçue au départ comme une réponse aux mises en cause des clercs ; d’autre part, l’élaboration d’un dispositif cognitif d’enquête permettant de trancher les cas d’incertitude et de substituer l’ordre public au scandale et la vérité à la rumeur.

De la trace judiciaire à l’enquête policière : infâmes et policiers dans les archives de la Bastille (Marie-Elisabeth Jacquet)
DOI 10.3917/rhj.035.0041
Abstract:

Le présent article propose un regard sur l’infamie extérieur aux institutions judiciaires, en s’appuyant sur les archives policières constituées au début du xviiie siècle par la lieutenance générale de police de Paris. Si la peine de la marque signale en théorie la récidive, constitue-t-elle une catégorie d’appréhension des marginaux pour la police d’Ancien Régime ? La surveillance policière se surimpose-t-elle systématiquement à la peine judiciaire ? Il semble qu’en pratique se manifeste dans l’appréhension policière de l’infâme une forme de souplesse des pratiques, suggérant une forme d’autonomie des catégories policières vis-à-vis des catégories judiciaires.

S’approcher de l’ignominie. Les hommes infâmes sous l’œil des savants et des tribunaliers (1880-1930) (Frédéric Chauvaud)
DOI 10.3917/rhj.035.0053
Abstract:
De 1880 à 1930, les êtres infâmes et l’infamie s’invitent dans les cours d’assises et les tribunaux correctionnels. Pour les contemporains, le premier contact vient du banc d’infamie, nom donné au box des accusés ou des prévenus. Les chroniqueurs judiciaires en donnent de longues descriptions. Ils s’attardent sur le physique des hommes et des femmes qui doivent correspondre aux individus ignobles. Mais l’infamie déborde les définitions juridiques. Elle désigne aussi les fausses nouvelles et les dénonciations avilissantes. L’infamie correspond aussi à une époque particulière. Pour de nombreux observateurs, les conduites infâmes sont celles d’une époque qui voit l’essor des corrupteurs et des corrompus, que les scandales mettent en pleine lumière.

Peintures infamantes et mort programmée : Érasme pendu en effigie (1506-1524) (Valérie Haeyaert)
DOI 10.3917/rhj.035.0063
Abstract:

La révolution numérique a profondément ancré le partage des images dans un nouvel espace distributif, qui a parfois conduit à l’inverse de l’idéal auquel on s’était attendu. La calomnie devenue virale, les pratiques du « shame and blame » sur les réseaux sociaux, et les modalités de ces flétrissures numériques invitent à s’interroger sur le destin de l’image dans son articulation à l’infamie, à partir d’une généalogie visuelle et non pas à partir des textes et des gloses. Alors même que notre société contemporaine considère l’image comme un virus et que la tyrannie de sa visibilité se jauge souvent en fonction de la viralité, il est opportun de revenir aux antécédents anciens de l’image infamante, pour en élucider les mécanismes et la grammaire spécifique.

Partie 2. Les catégories d'infâmes
Une infamie ignoble et pourtant indispensable : chiffonniers, brocanteurs et détaillants au début de l’économie de marché (XIIIe-XVe siècle) (Giacomo Todeschini)
DOI 10.3917/rhj.035.0087
Abstract:

On peut mieux comprendre la construction historique et juridique de la notion d’infamie si on étudie l’attitude des élites marchandes et des législateurs face à l’essor du commerce de seconde main et en général du commerce de détail entre les xiiie et xve siècles. Ce type de petit commerce prend une importance accrue en produisant une offre de marchandises de plus en plus développée, en relation avec l’augmentation de la demande de biens à petit prix. Or, ceux qui en étaient les protagonistes, à savoir les regratiers, c’est-à-dire les brocanteurs, les fripiers et les petits détaillants, étaient traditionnellement considérés comme des marginaux. Ainsi se produisit, au début de l’âge moderne, une contradiction entre cette nouvelle forme de marché et la tradition économique romano-chrétienne qui concevait les relations économiques comme des liturgies civiques définies et contrôlées par des groupes restreints et politiquement dominants, et non par des gens obscurs, considérés comme « infâmes ».

 « Terrible il apparaît sur la colline infâme. » Le gibet, un lieu d’infamie ou un lieu infâme ? (Moyen Âge - époque contemporaine) (Mathieu Vivas)
DOI 10.3917/rhj.035.0097
Abstract:

Les gibets, les potences et les fourches patibulaires, autrement dit les lieux architecturés de la pendaison, s’ils sont des lieux de l’infamie judiciaire, sont-ils pour autant des lieux infâmes ? Mentionnés dans les sources écrites, représentés dans les documents icono-cartographiques, ils sont également des vestiges en élévation et des preuves archéologiques des peines létales, infamantes et exemplaires qui pouvaient frapper les justiciables durant le Moyen Âge et l’époque moderne. Cet article analyse ces édifices à l’aune des rapports que les hommes du passé et du présent ont entretenus et entretiennent avec eux et, plus loin encore, s’interroge sur la façon dont ces hommes ont pu percevoir et perçoivent encore l’infamie à travers eux.

Sade, ou la liberté d’expression portée jusqu’à l’infamie (Basile Ader)
DOI 10.3917/rhj.035.0115
Abstract:

Les écrits de Sade ont pendant deux siècles été frappés d’infamie. Sade aurait pu avoir un sort différent. Il est, en effet, avec Voltaire, dont il est le contemporain, celui qui a le plus fait avancer la liberté d’expression. Ils figurent, l’un et l’autre, comme les deux faces du même combat. Là où Voltaire a théorisé le principe dégagé par les Lumières, Sade les a mis en œuvre pour son propre compte. Il est l’archétype de la face noire de la liberté d’expression, celle qui accède à l’intolérable. Cela lui a valu de passer plus du tiers de sa vie en prison, et à son œuvre d’être interdite jusqu’à un temps très récent. L’éditeur Pauvert avait publié ses œuvres complètes en 1955. Il fut condamné pour atteinte aux bonnes mœurs. Les attendus du jugement rendu par le tribunal de Paris se sont attachés à démontrer en quoi, au-delà de la philosophie de ses écrits, Sade heurtait la morale jusqu’à l’infamie.

Frapper d’infamie au XIXe siècle par les peines du carcan et de l’exposition publique (Laurence Soula)
DOI 10.3917/rhj.035.0121
Abstract:

Les constituants ont conservé les peines infamantes en 1791 et l’objet de cette recherche s’attache à retracer le parcours de deux de ces peines, celles du carcan et de l’exposition publique, au xixe siècle. Leur particularité est d’exposer le condamné sur la place publique pendant une durée plus ou moins longue, le corps lié à un poteau. Quelle fonction ont-elles occupé dans le droit pénal post-révolutionnaire ? Quels débats ces peines ont-elles suscités ? De quelles réformes ont-elles été l’objet ? Quel a été leur devenir ? Comment le principe même de l’infamie et des peines infamantes a-t-il évolué au niveau des mœurs et des pratiques punitives admises par l’opinion ? Pour y répondre, cette étude s’appuie notamment sur l’analyse de la législation, de la doctrine, de la presse, ainsi que sur les réformes successives du droit pénal projetées ou opérées au xixe siècle.

L’infâme prostitution : ordre des discours depuis le xviie siècle (Samantha Pratali)
DOI 10.3917/rhj.035.0141
Abstract:

Depuis au moins le xviie siècle, une tradition discursive de qualification de la prostitution comme une infamie persiste. Par la méthode du recensement des espaces où les mots prostitution et infamie ou infâme sont associés, il a été possible, sans pour autant être exhaustif, d’établir les filiations entre ces tournures de phrases. La langue du droit n’est pas extérieure à cet habitus, car durant l’Ancien Régime les sanctions au maquerellage sont des peines infamantes. Seulement l’infamie de la prostitution émerge dans l’entourage de la prostitution, entourage familial mais aussi social. Dès lors, cette contribution tente de dessiner les contours d’une opinion de la prostitution.

L’infamie au XXe siècle : le cas de l’indignité nationale (Anne Simonin)
DOI 10.3917/rhj.035.0149
Abstract:

Le nouveau crime d’indignité nationale, inventé par les juristes de la Résistance pour permettre le jugement des Vichystes lors de la Libération de la France, est sanctionné par une peine infamante, exclusivement privative de droits (ni de la vie, ni de la liberté du coupable) : la dégradation nationale. Si la rétroactivité de l’infraction a été abondamment commentée, en revanche la qualification infamante de la peine a été largement ignorée. Or, si la résurgence de l’infamie de droit en 1944 ne va pas de soi et se révélera à la fois lourde de conséquences et d’inconséquences, frapper d’infamie le mauvais citoyen n’en a pas moins été une étape essentielle dans le rétablissement de la légitimité de la République comme seul régime de droit de la France.

L'infamie qui frappe les personnes soupçonnées ou condamnées pour terrorisme (Adrien Sorrentino)
DOI 10.3917/rhj.035.0161
Abstract:

L’infamie, note Beccaria, en 1764, au chapitre XXIII des Délits et des peines, est « un signe de réprobation publique, qui prive le coupable de la considération générale, de la confiance de la patrie et de cette sorte de fraternité qui lie les membres de la société ». Depuis 2012, dans un mouvement de mutation de l’appareil répressif national, la France a fait de la lutte antiterroriste une priorité absolue, instaurant un dispositif dérogatoire du droit pénal commun. Renforcé par les attentats de 2015, ce droit sui generis de l’ennemi a laissé place à une logique préventive frappant d’infamie les personnes soupçonnées ou condamnées pour terrorisme, de l’étiquette qui s’appose sur eux dès le moindre soupçon jusqu’à la phase du jugement. S’interroger sur l’infamie revient ainsi à se questionner sur les différentes façons dont le pouvoir met à l’écart et désocialise ces individus, les privant ainsi de toute réhabilitation.

Partie 3. Peut-on sortir de l'infamie ?

Infamie et présomption d'innocence (Élisabeth Guigou)
DOI 10.3917/rhj.035.0169
First paragraph:

Les meilleurs dictionnaires définissent l’infamie comme une flétrissure sociale ou légale faite à la réputation de quelqu’un, induisant déshonneur, opprobre et honte pour la personne visée, et, du côté de l’opinion publique, indignation, appel à sanction, mais aussi bassesse et comportements abjects

 Le procès Zola, le procès de l'infamie (Basile Ader)
DOI 10.3917/rhj.035.0169
Abstract:

Le procès Zola est le procès de l’infamie à tous égards. Zola va devenir l’Infame en s’offrant en rempart de l’innocence de Dreyfus. Il provoque l’armée qui vient d’absoudre Esterhazy, le véritable traître, auteur du bordereau transmettant des informations militaires confidentielles à l’Allemagne, en publiant le « J’accuse » dans L’Aurore. Le ministère ne peut pas ne pas engager de procès en diffamation contre lui, tellement la charge est violente et accusatrice. Mais il va restreindre la poursuite pour ne pas s’exposer à la vérité des accusations touchant à l’innocence de Dreyfus. Et ensuite, le président de la cour va tout faire pour empêcher Zola et ses défenseurs, ainsi que les témoins, de parler de l’affaire Dreyfus. Zola fut finalement condamné. Mais les débats, malgré toutes les obstructions, ont montré enfin publiquement que Dreyfus était la victime d’une erreur judiciaire. C’est le point de bascule de l’Affaire à partir duquel l’infamie va se déplacer vers les vrais responsables de l’erreur judiciaire.

Les formes contemporaines de l'infamie

Contributions by Basile Ader, Anne-Marie Sauteraud, Frédéric Gras, Juliette Jombart & Pierre Baudis

Conclusion

Sous l'encre du droit, un rituel de dégradation persistant (Denis Salas)
DOI  10.3917/rhj.035.0213
Abstract:

Toutes les sociétés veulent marquer tous ceux qu’elles rejettent d’un signe irrécusable. Ce rejet puissant affecte ceux qui portent atteinte à leurs liens vitaux. Ceux qui, dans l’imaginaire collectif, sont nuisibles et, pour cela même, marqués au sceau de la marginalité et de la dangerosité. Contre eux, l’infamie est une colère qui gronde. D’hier à aujourd’hui, elle enveloppe d’opprobre nos ennemis moraux pour les écarter de toute vie sociale. Les rituels de dégradation de l’infâme se perpétuent, car ils s’enracinent dans la structure violente des sociétés humaines. Leur domestication est un défi permanent pour nos démocraties.

Figures de justice

L’affaire Maurice Audin, au cœur de la guerre d’indépendance algérienne. L’irréparable injustice ? (Sylvie Thénault)
DOI 10.3917/rhj.035.0221
Abstract:

Maurice Audin, partisan de l’indépendance de l’Algérie, arrêté, a disparu en 1957. En France, c’est l’une des plus célèbres affaires de la guerre d’indépendance algérienne (1954-1962). Le combat persévérant mené par Josette Audin a abouti à une reconnaissance de la responsabilité de l’État, le 13 septembre 2018. Cette portée, inégale au regard de l’ensemble des disparus de cette guerre, présente une triple opportunité historique : comprendre le système répressif à l’œuvre en Algérie, source des disparitions massives ; démontrer les formes de réparations possibles, face à l’amnistie ; documenter l’impossibilité de connaître la vérité sur les disparitions, que ce soit dans les archives ou par les témoignes. En l’absence de vérité, l’injustice demeure-t-elle irréparable ?

Je suis le juge qui siège sous la porte, comme en Orient… » Wladimir Rabinovitch, dit « Rabi » (1906-1981), avocat, magistrat, écrivain (Denis Salas)
DOI 10.3917/rhj.035.0231
Abstract:

Wladimir Rabinovitch, dit « Rabi » (1906-1981), est une figure méconnue de l’intelligentsia juive française de l’après-guerre. Nombre de ses engagements et réflexions dont il est question dans cet article – en particulier dans l’affaire Pierre Goldman – sont tirés du fonds d’archives de la revue Esprit. Parallèlement, après avoir été avocat, il exerce, à partir de 1940, les fonctions de juge dans une région montagnarde, tout en tenant un Journal. Il est rare de lire un texte qui porte un regard aussi aigu sur la place du juge dans la cité. Nombre de valeurs comme l’impartialité, l’attention à autrui ou l’indépendance sont abordées à l’occasion d’épisodes de la vie quotidienne. « Toute décision, écrit-il dans le Journal d’un juge, est un acte partisan. Je dois réaliser la justice ici et maintenant dans mon modeste arrondissement d’abord, au cœur de la cité, au milieu de mon troupeau ».
Varia 

La réforme du Code pénal maritime durant la Restauration, du constat d’un besoin au projet de loi (Gaëtan Obéissart)
DOI 10.3917/rhj.035.0251
Abstract

Les hommes de la Restauration ont la volonté de refaire une marine de guerre. Pour lui donner une ossature solide, on reconnaît la nécessité d’une refonte des lois pénales maritimes. Pourquoi une telle réforme ? Comment s’est élaboré le projet ? Quelles bases judiciaires donner à la marine militaire ? Une législation claire, lavée de tout soupçon d’illégalité, compatible avec les autres justices pratiquées ; une révision des peines prenant en compte l’ouverture du recrutement des marins et les idées du temps, voilà les bases judiciaires que l’on veut donner à la force navale française après 1815. Analyser la construction de cette proposition de réforme est l’occasion d’observer la structuration d’un débat en vue de l’élaboration d’une politique publique durant la Restauration.

La responsabilité des magistrats, de l’Ancien Régime à nos jours (Benoît Garnot)
DOI 10.3917/rhj.035.0261
Abstract:

De l’Ancien Régime (xvie-xviiie siècle) à nos jours, la responsabilité des magistrats, telle qu’elle s’exprime notamment dans le serment prêté lors de leur entrée en fonction, concernait tout autant leur vie privée que leur vie professionnelle, tant il est vrai qu’ils étaient censés montrer l’exemple en toutes circonstances. Mais, dans la pratique, le contrôle de cette responsabilité s’est exercé de manière contrastée : susceptibles d’être punis pour les écarts commis vis-à-vis de la discipline ou des « bonnes mœurs », ils l’étaient beaucoup moins, voire pas du tout, pour leurs fautes professionnelles.

Un épisode de la guerre d’Algérie dans les prisons : l’évasion dramatique de détenus du FLN de la maison d’arrêt de Chambéry le 5 novembre 1961 (Jean-Amédée Lathoud)
DOI  10.3917/rhj.035.0267
Abstract:

Pendant la guerre d’Algérie, le FLN a mené dans les prisons de métropole une lutte permanente (violences, évasions, revendication d’un régime politique). À Chambéry, le 5 novembre 1961, trois surveillants ont été assassinés par des détenus à l’occasion d’une évasion collective. L’amnistie de 1961 a effacé des mémoires ce dramatique évènement qui illustre l’importance du combat mené dans les prisons par les militants algériens face à l’Administration pénitentiaire. 

 « L’affaire Dreyfus du Berry » : la représentation de la justice dans l’affaire Mis et Thiennot (Jean-François Petit)

DOI 10.3917/rhj.035.0283
Abstract:

Qualifiée d’« affaire Dreyfus du Berry », l’affaire Mis et Thiennot hante les arcanes judiciaires depuis huit décennies. Le 29 décembre 1946 est découvert en Brenne le corps d’un garde-chasse assassiné, Louis Boistard. Pour ce meurtre, huit jeunes gens sont condamnés à des peines variant de dix-huit mois de prison à quinze ans de travaux forcés pour Mis et Thiennot. Cette affaire est jugée trois fois en 1947, 1949, 1950, respectivement à Châteauroux, Poitiers et Bordeaux. Elle déchaîne encore les passions, beaucoup étant convaincus d’une grave erreur judiciaire. L’objet de cet article n’est pas de statuer sur le fond, mais d’étudier la représentation de la justice qui s’en dégage à travers le témoignage de Léandre Boizeau, l’un des principaux partisans de la révision du procès.

Book reviews

  • André Bendjebbar, Histoire secrète de la bombe atomique française, Paris, Le Cherche-Midi éditions, 2022, 507 p. (Jean-Paul Jean) 
  • Julian Jackson, Le Procès Pétain. Vichy face à ses juges, Paris, Seuil, coll. « L’Univers historique », 2024, 480 p. (France on Trial. The case of Marshal Pétain, traduit de l’anglais par Marie-Anne de Béru) (Jean-Paul Jean)
  • Pascal Bresson, Giulio Salvadori, La Rafle d’Izieu, Saint-Avertin, La Boîte à Bulles, 2024, 154 p. (Jean-Paul Jean)
Read the whole issue on cairn.

 


03 July 2025

CONFERENCE: 9th Biennial Conference of the European Society for Comparative Legal History in Lund, 21-23 JUN 2027

 

(image: Prof. Sunnqvist announcing the dates of the 2027 conference; source: BlueSky)

The 9th Biennial Conference of the ESCLH will take place in Lund (Sweden), as announced by Prof. Martin Sunnqvist. This event will be supported by the Olin Foundation and take place from 21 to 23 June 2027.

ELECTION: Agustín PARISE (Maastricht) elected as new President of the European Society for Comparative Legal History

Agustín Parise (Maastricht) was elected as new President of the European Society for Comparative Legal History at the 8th Biennial Conference of the Society in Szeged.

He succeeds Matt Dyson (Oxford), who ran the society with a team of three vice-presidents, the secretary-general, the treasurer and the director of communications since the Paris conference in 2018. 

The society thanks its parting President for his outstanding performance.


VAN CAENEGEM PRIZE 2025: dr. Piotr ALEXANDROWICZ for "Early modern comparative contract law" (Comparative Legal History XIV (2024), nr. 1)

 

(ESCLH President Prof. Matt Dyson (Oxford) handing over the Van Caenegem Prize 2025 Certificate to dr. Alexandrowicz)

The Van Caenegem Prize 2025 was awarded in the Faculty of Law and Political Sciences of the University of Szeged to ERC Grantee dr. Piotr Alexandrowicz (Poznań) for his article "Early modern comparative contract law", published in our journal Comparative Legal History XIV (2024), nr. 1. 

Abstract:

Contract law was one of the main subjects discussed in the early modern legal genre of differentiae iuris civilis et canonici (‘differences between civil and canon law’). Similar topics were covered in both late medieval and early modern differentiae – hence this genre offers a good opportunity for comparative historical research dedicated to selected topics of contract law (such as those discussed here: the actionability of bare agreements, stipulation for the benefit of a third party, overreaching in contract formation and the lease of a house to a scholar). An examination of the sources proves that the authors of early modern differentiae applied the comparative method in their works. This involved the presentation of sources and rationales from the two bodies of law, the interpretation of sources and arguments in favour of the solutions offered, references to the then-current legal literature and practice and most importantly the preferred method of reconciliation for conflicting laws.

DOI 10.1080/2049677X.2024.2349850

FORUM HISTORIAE IURIS: Recent contributions (2024-2025)

 

(image source: FHI)

Pontes de Miranda, a Jurist between Two Dictatorships (1937-1979) (Gustavo Silveira Sigueira & Mayara de Carvalho Siqueira)
DOI 10.26032/fhi-2024-004
Abstract:

Brazil lived through two dictatorships in the 20th century (1937–1945 and 1964–1985), and Pontes de Miranda was one of the most important Brazilian jurists of that period. Based on newspaper articles, documents, and the author’s writings, this paper seeks to understand the relationship between jurists and dictatorships during those years. This paper proposes to reconstruct Pontes de Miranda’s personal thoughts and relate them to each of the dictatorial period’s political regime. The article also aims to help readers understand his opinions both during and after the end of those dictatorships.

Das Handbuch des Römischen Privatrechts (Martin Schermaier)
DOI 10.26032/fhi-2024-003
Abstract:

The publication of the „Handbuch des Römischen Privatrechts“ marks the completion of a grand project. Its sheer size is impressive: The work on this handbook took over ten years, and 65 authors have contributed 112 chapters. These contributions fill more than 3000 pages, and the detailed indexes make up another 600 pages. The volumes obviously contain a great deal of research spirit, knowledge of the sources and countless hours of searching, sorting and writing. But what panorama does the handbook open up, what new insights? What methods do modern Romanists use when researching its sources? What help does the handbook offer for future research? These are some of the questions this essay seeks to answer. Many details, not least the design of the work, show that the ambitions of the editors and authors must have been greater than the result suggests.

Henry Swinburne and Devise of Land: The Textual Evolution of A briefe treatise of Testaments and last Willes and its Reflection on the Law, 1590-1803 (Matthew Cleary)
DOI 10.26032/fhi-2024-001
Abstract:

Henry Swinburne was the first Englishman to write on canon law in English and produce a treatise on testaments and wills, which became the defining jurisprudential source for over two hundred years, from the late sixteenth century to the early nineteenth century. During this period, Swinburne’s treatise was reprinted nine times and received various additions, alterations, and deletions of material. To date, Swinburne’s treatise is often referred to as a singular text rather than a series of versions constantly being adapted to the purposes and characteristics of the times in which they were published. This article provides the first treatment of the textual evolution of Swinburne’s treatise, with particular reference to the section on the devise of land. This article employs a comparative textual analysis of the nine versions of Swinburne’s treatise with brief notes on the devise of land instances in wills and court cases. Further, the current numbering of the editions of Swinburne’s treatise is incorrect, and this article will provide a nuanced treatment of the misconceptions within the common understanding of the documents.

Book reviews

  • Stefan Ruppert, Recht hält jung. Zur Entstehung der Jugend aus rechtshistorischer Sicht: Deutschland im langen 19. Jahrhundert (ca. 1800-1919) (Julia Andre Hettihewa)
  • Martin Schermaier (ed.), The Position of Roman Slaves: Social Realities and Legal Differences, De Gruyter (=Dependency and Slavery Studies, 6), Berlin-Boston 2023, 240 p., ISBN 978-3-11-099868-9 (Arduino Maiuri)
Read more on the journal's website.

ARTICLE: Jens T. THEILEN, "Civilizational Hierarchies and the Notion of ‘Europe’ in the European Convention on Human Rights" (EJIL XXXVI (2025), nr. 1, 113-142)

 

(image source: OUP)

Abstract:

When the European Convention on Human Rights was adopted, several states parties were major colonial powers forcefully engaged in retaining that position. This article aims to demonstrate the continued importance of this constellation for European human rights law. Using the convention’s travaux préparatoires as a starting point, it identifies civilizational hierarchies between Europe and other regions as foundational to the European project of human rights. The article then traces how the notion of ‘Europe’ has served as a conduit for these hierarchies to persist in less explicitly racialized form, using two examples: first, that of territorial and extraterritorial applicability and, second, the interpretation of the convention by the European Court of Human Rights based on the margin of appreciation and European consensus. Colonial continuities in the form of civilizational hierarchies, as this article thus aims to show, are not only relevant for specific topics like post-colonial migration but also continue to shape the project of European human rights as a whole.

Read more here: DOI 10.1093/ejil/chaf018

02 July 2025

JOURNAL: Comparative Legal History XIII (2025), nr. 1 (Jun)

(image source: Routledge)

Editorial (Agustín Parise & Matthew Dison) [OPEN ACCESS]
DOI 10.1080/2049677X.2025.2500166

Reasoning and reconciliation in twelfth-century Anglo-Norman legal writing (Sarah B. White)
DOI 10.1080/2049677X.2025.2500175
Abstract:

This article explores legal reasoning and reconciliation of sources in late twelfth-century legal writing, focusing on four Romano-canonical procedural treatises (‘Olim edebatur editio’, the ordo of Ricardus Anglicus, Actor et reus and the Ordo Bambergensis) and the English common law treatise known as Glanvill. Through a comparative lens, the study highlights how these works addressed conflicts between legal authorities while reflecting broader intellectual trends of the twelfth century. The ordines employ rhetorical techniques, such as contrasting old and new law and learned opinion, to guide legal practitioners through complex legal landscapes. Each text showcases distinct approaches to balancing practical legal knowledge with theoretical discourse. Meanwhile, Glanvill engages more extensively with dilemmatic methods, using questions as a foundational tool for systematic inquiry. Ultimately, these works reveal the authors’ efforts to reconcile diverse legal traditions, highlighting the role of rhetorical strategies in shaping legal reasoning and the broader evolution of legal thought during this period.

Historical development of judicial precedents in Vietnam (Nguyen Thi Phuong)
DOI 10.1080/2049677X.2025.2500176
Abstract:

Judicial precedents have played an important role in both common law and civil law countries. Vietnam created a new judicial precedent system in 2015. However, precedents were used in Vietnamese legal proceedings long ago, yet the use of precedents in Vietnamese legal history has been understudied. The article seeks to provide a comprehensive survey of the use of precedents under the Nguyễn Dynasty (1802–1884), the French colonial legal system (1884–1945) and the Republic of Vietnam (in the south, 1955–1963) and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (in the north and central, 1945–1975) during the Vietnam War. The use of precedents under the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (1975-now) should have separate research due to the creation of a new precedent system in 2015. From the perspective of global legal history, this article demonstrates that the historical development of judicial precedents in Vietnam involved transnational interactions between Vietnam and other countries, particularly China, France and the US. The article also reveals particular regulatory patterns in the history of Vietnamese precedents: the top-down method in the creation of precedents, the rationales for using precedents, the binding effect and the principle of selecting the best precedents. These findings can help to better understand Vietnamese legal history and suggest that the contemporary system of precedents is not created in a vacuum. Historical lessons can be used to fortify the capability of the recent precedent system.

Anglophone Africa, colonial legacy and the limits of legal transplantation: should the one-legged walk on two feet? Williams C. Iheme
DOI 10.1080/2049677X.2025.2500177
Abstract:

The legal systems in Anglophone Africa were colonially inherited from Britain. Even after achieving political independence in the 1990s, neocolonialism continues to be Africa’s Achilles heel in acquiring jurisprudential independence. African lawmakers and judges continue to transplant English statutes and case law wholesale without tailoring them to suit African life. A major consequence of this trend is that African law is pluralistic and vacillates between two opposing legal philosophies: the transplanted laws are largely impervious to African legal and economic problems. The article addresses this apparent slippage by tracing and attacking the lingering vestiges of colonial influence in African legal consciousness and lawmaking. It uses transplanted (contractual) legal concepts as a laboratory for observing and testing the suitability of English legal transplants in African commercial life. It finds, among other things, that African jurisprudential independence is lacking: African intelligentsia, judges and lawmakers need to renounce their fidelity to transplanted English legal concepts and statutes by subjecting them to the scrutiny of Africanisation and by using Afrocentricity against orthodoxy as a guide for contemporary and future lawmaking.

Early parliamentary dissolutions and judicial review: lessons from comparative cases (Francesco Bromo) [OPEN ACCESS]
DOI 10.1080/2049677X.2025.2500178
Abstract:

In this article, I explore some implications of judicial challenges to early dissolutions of national parliaments from a comparative perspective. I assess two cases where the constitutionality of the dissolution was upheld (Germany 1983 and 2005) and four where it was not (Czechia 2009, Nepal February 2021 and July 2021 and Pakistan 2022). The evidence suggests that judicial intervention in parliamentary dissolution disputes is often inferred rather than explicitly codified in legal statutes, underscoring the profound impact unwritten constitutional norms and democratic tradition can have on the political process. Predictably, judicial scrutiny of governmental actions enables courts to oversee and, when necessary, rectify breaches of constitutional limits and instances of executive overreach. The Nepalese and Pakistani cases further suggest that the judiciary can play an active role in safeguarding the cardinal principle of parliamentarism, dictating that the legislature must be able to subject governments to the test of confidence when required or if it so desires. A review of the history of judicial intervention in earlier cases of assembly dismissals in Pakistan, however, highlights how this process is not always consistent and unbiased. Gaining a deeper understanding of these interactions is important, given their highly consequential nature, as well as timely, given the increasing reliance on the judicial branch for the adjudication of disputes related to parliamentary dissolution in recent years.

Book reviews

  • The Cambridge history of Latin American law in global perspective; A companion to Latin American legal history edited by Thomas Duve and Tamar Herzog, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2024, 550 pp., (open access), ISBN 978-1009049450,edited by Matthew C. Mirow and Victor Uribe-Uran, Leiden/Boston, Brill, 2024, 611 pp., €160 (hbk), ISBN 978-9004370203 (Manuel Bastias Saavedra)
  • Justifying transgression: Muslims, Christians, and the law – 1200 to 1700 by Gijs Kruijtzer, Berlin/Boston, De Gruyter, 2024, 344 pp, €59.95 (hbk), ISBN 978-3111215907 (Rebecca Riedel)
  • Studies in the history of tax law, volume 11 edited by Dominic De Cogan and Peter Harris, Oxford and New York, Hart Publishing, 2023, 529 pp., $175 (hbk), ISBN 978-1509963263 (Zeynep Ağdemir)
  • Feder und Recht. Schriftlichkeit und Gerichtswesen in der Vormoderne edited by Josef Bongartz, Alexander Denzler, Carolin Katzer, and Stefan Andreas Stodolkowitz, Berlin/Boston, De Gruyter, 2023, 426 pp., €79.95 (hbk), ISBN 978-3111077307 (Sarah A Bachmann)
  • Current trends in the historiography of inquisitions: themes and comparisons edited by Irene Bueno, Vincenzo Lavenia and Riccardo Parmeggiani, Rome, Viella, 2023, 411 pp., €42.00 (pbk), ISBN 979-1254694879 (Francesco Serpico)
  • The making of modern property: reinventing Roman law in Europe and its peripheries 1789–1950 by Anna di Robilant, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2023, 369 pp., £105.00 (hbk), ISBN 978-1108494779 (Joshua Getzler)
  • An empire of laws: legal pluralism in British colonial policy by Christian R. Burset, New Haven, Yale University Press, 2023, 272 pp., $75 (hbk), ISBN 978-0300253238 (Ron Harris)
  • English law, the legal profession, and colonialism: histories, parallels, and influences edited by Cerian Griffiths and Łukasz Jan Korporowicz, London and New York, Routledge, 2024, 278 pp., CAD 45.49 (pbk), ISBN 978-1032326191 (Lyndsay Campbell)
  • The genesis of nineteenth-century civil codes in the United States by Julie Rocheton, Legal History Library, 66, Leiden and Boston, Brill Nijhoff, 2024, xvi + 272 pp., $142 (hbk), ISBN 978-9004689978 (Olivier Moréteau)
  • Artistic canons and legal protection: developing policies to preserve, administer and trade artworks in 19th-century Rome and Athens by Chiara Mannoni, Studien zur europäischen Rechtsgeschichte, Veröffentlichung des Max-Planck-Instituts für Rechtsgeschichte und Rechtstheorie, Frankfurt am Main, Vittorio Klostermann, 2023, 278 pp, € 79.00 (pbk), ISBN 978-3465045472 (Mateusz Bieczyński)
  • Nazi antisemitism and Jewish legal self-defense: the turn to law in liberal democracies, 1932–39 by David Fraser, Abingdon, Routledge, 2024, 316 pp., £31.99 (hbk), ISBN 978-1032529813 (Rotem Giladi)
  • Roe: the history of a national obsession by Mary Ziegler, New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 2023, 248 pp., $20.00 (pbk), ISBN 978-0300276862 (Joanna N. Erdman)
  • The reasonable person: a legal biography by Valentin Jeutner, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2024, 195 pp., £95.00 (hbk), ISBN 978-1009445627 (Simon Stern)
Read more here.

BOOK: Helle VOGT, Mia KORPIOLA, Else MUNDAL & Miriam JENSEN TVEIT (eds.), Gendered Punishments in Medieval Nordic Law, ca. 1100–1300 (York: ARC Humanities Press, 2025), 156 p. ISBN 9781802701845, € 119

 

(image source: ARC Humanities Press)

Abstract:

This book examines gendered punishments in medieval Nordic laws, ca. 1100–1300. By exploring legislation on violence, sorcery, sexual morality, and theft, it considers whether women were seen as independent legal subjects or as extensions of their families. It identifies various gendered punishments and discriminatory treatments, revealing regional differences and the influence of European legal ideologies. It also uncovers an emphasis on individual culpability for crimes, reflecting a shift from collective to individual responsibility and women’s increasing property rights. This comparative analysis offers a nuanced view of medieval Nordic law, highlighting the complex relationship between gender, law, and society during this transformative period. It explains how criminal law was influenced by canon law and German town law and offers new insights into the legal history of the Nordic region.

 Table of contents:

List of Illustrations

Abbreviations

Introduction. Gender in the Medieval Nordic Laws

Chapter 1. The Nordic Medieval Laws

Chapter 2. Violence and Homicide

Chapter 3. Sorcery and Magic

Chapter 4. Violations of the Norms of Sexual Morality

Chapter 5. Theft

Chapter 6. Comparative Observations and Main Conclusions

Bibliography

Index

 On the editors:

Helle Vogt is Professor in Legal History at University of Copenhagen, Denmark. Mia Korpiola (PhD 2004) is professor of legal history of the University of Turku. She has published extensively on Swedish and Finnish legal history. Else Mundal is professor emerita in Old Norse philology at the University of Bergen. She has published extensively on gender in medieval Norway and Iceland. In 2017, she was appointed a knight of the Icelandic Order of the Falcon. Miriam Jensen Tveit (PhD 2017) is assistant professor of medieval history at Nord University, and has published extensively on Norwegian medieval legal history.

Read more  here

01 July 2025

BOOK: Adam TOMKINS, On the Law of Speaking Freely (London: Bloomsbury/Hart, 2025), 280 p. ISBN 9781509972104, 22,49 GBP

 

(image source: Bloomsbury/Hart)

Abstract:

This book tackles the most pressing problems of contemporary free speech law by examining where the idea of free expression came from in the first place, applying the lessons of the past to address the challenges of the present. Free speech cannot be taken for granted – it needs to be fought for. But its champions will be successful only if they understand what they are defending. For free speech is a deceptively simple principle. How should it guide us on the bounds of what is acceptable to say? Should we be free to preach hatred, or to spread fear or fake news? Can media freedom be balanced against the right to privacy? How does free speech work online? Can the internet be made a safe space without compromising freedom of expression? On the Law of Speaking Freely offers not just insights but answers to these and other such vital questions by roaming widely over the law of free speech, from English common law to the European Convention on Human Rights via the US First Amendment. In rescuing free speech from the culture wars in which it has become embroiled, Adam Tomkins restates its values, its complexities and its enduring importance, in prose that is as passionate as it is clear-sighted. Even-handed, informed and authoritative, this is a major, timely work from one of the UK's leading constitutional scholars.

Table of contents:

 Part 1: The Struggle for Free Speech
1. The Age of Heresy
2. Sedition and Offence
3. A Legal Right to Speak Freely?

Part II: Free Speech Today
4. Media Freedom
5. Offensive and Hate Speech
6. Online Safety

On the author:

Adam Tomkins is the John Millar Professor of Public Law at the University of Glasgow.

Read more here

30 June 2025

BOOK: Ulrike BABUSIAUX, Christian BALDUS, Wolfgang ERNST, Franz-Stefan MEISSEL, Johannes PLATSCHEK & Thomas RÜFNER (Hrsg.), Handbuch des Römischen Privatrechts (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2023), XCVI + 3707 p., € 629

 

(image source: Mohr Siebeck)

Abstract:

Das Handbuch des Römischen Privatrechts gilt dem römischen Privat- und Zivilprozessrecht von den ältesten römischen Rechtsquellen bis zur Zeit Justinians. Erstmals seit fünfzig Jahren erfolgt eine umfassende Darstellung auf der Höhe des aktuellen Forschungsstandes. Das Werk bietet sachkundige Orientierung angesichts der Vielzahl der Forschungsgegenstände und der stetig reicher werdenden Sekundärliteratur. Es dient auch Althistorikern, Klassischen Philologen, anderen Geisteswissenschaftlern und Vertretern des geltenden Rechts als Nachschlagewerk und erhebt den Anspruch, ein Bezugspunkt der internationalen römisch-rechtlichen Forschung zu sein. Der Schwerpunkt der Darstellung liegt auf der Diskussion der spätrepublikanischen und kaiserzeitlichen römischen Jurisprudenz, wobei eine intensive Bezugnahme auf den Prozess erfolgt. Die juristische Papyrologie und Epigraphik sind ebenso berücksichtigt wie die provinziale Rechtspraxis.

On the editors:

Ulrike Babusiaux ist Professorin für Römisches Recht, Privatrecht und Rechtsvergleichung an der Universität Zürich. Christian Baldus Studium der Rechtswissenschaft in Passau, Pavia und Trier; Referendariat in Koblenz; Promotion und Habilitation in Köln; Professor für Bürgerliches Recht und Römisches Recht in Heidelberg und Direktor am Institut für geschichtliche Rechtswissenschaft. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4740-0410 Wolfgang Ernst ist Regius Professor of Civil Law an der University of Oxford. Franz-Stefan Meissel ist Professor für Römisches Recht an der Universität Wien. Johannes Platschek ist Professor für Römisches Recht, Antike Rechtsgeschichte und Bürgerliches Recht an der LMU München. Thomas Rüfner ist Professor für Bürgerliches Recht, Römisches Recht, Neuere Privatrechtsgeschichte sowie Deutsches und Internationales Zivilverfahrensrecht an der Universität Trier.

Table of contents:

Band I
1. Abschnitt: Grundlagen
Rechtsentstehung und Rechtsverwirklichung - Überlieferung der Quellen
2. Abschnitt: Zivilprozess und Handlungsformen
Entwicklungsstufen des Zivilprozesses - Handlungsformen im Privatrecht
3. Abschnitt: Personen
Person und Handlungsfähigkeit - Hausverband (familia)
4. Abschnitt: Vermögensrecht (res)
Eigentum und Besitz - Beschränkte dingliche Rechte (iura in re aliena) - Erbschaft und Erbgang

Band II
5. Abschnitt: Rechtsdurchsetzung (actiones)
Dingliche Klagen (actiones in rem - Klagen mit adiudicatio - Persönliche Klagen (actiones in personam): 1. Actio und obligation- 2. Condictiones - 3. Klagen nach Treu und Glauben (bonae fidei iudicia) - 4. Deliktische und quasi-deliktische Klagen - 5. Rechtsschutz für erbrechtliche Ansprüche

Haftung für Gewaltunterworfene - Einreden (exceptiones) und andere Verteidigungsmittel

Authors:

José Luis Alonso, Francisco Javier Andrés Santos, Lorena Atzeri, Ulrike Babusiaux, Ralph Backhaus, Christian Baldus, Federico Battaglia, Hans-Peter Benöhr †, Wolfram Buchwitz, Alfons Bürge, Pierangelo Buongiorno, Riccardo Cardilli, Amelia Castresana Herrero, Maria Floriana Cursi, Wojciech Dajczak, Tommaso dalla Massara, Paul J. du Plessis, Wolfgang Ernst, Iole Fargnoli, Thomas Finkenauer, Birgit Forgó-Feldner, Richard Gamauf, Jean-François Gerkens, Peter Gröschler, Susanne Hähnchen, Verena Halbwachs, Susanne Heinemeyer, Alessandro Hirata, Evelyn Höbenreich, Michel Humbert, Philipp Klausberger, Fabian Klinck, Georg Klingenberg †, Francesca Lamberti, Detlef Liebs, Sebastian Lohsse, Carla Masi Doria, Franz-Stefan Meissel, Ernest Metzger, Andreas Nitsch, Anna Novitskaya, Martin Pennitz, Guido Pfeifer, Pascal Pichonnaz, Peter Pieler †, Johannes Platschek, Anna Plisecka, Johannes Michael Rainer, José-Domingo Rodríguez Martín, Thomas Rüfner, David Rüger, Dietmar Schanbacher, Philipp Scheibelreiter, Philipp Schmieder, Jakob Fortunat Stagl, Emanuele Stolfi, Benedikt Strobel, Mario Varvaro, Tom Walter, Adolfo Wegmann Stockebrand, Constantin Willems, Markus Wimmer, Bénédict Winiger, Bastian Zahn 

Read more here

 

 

RESOURCE: Bibliography of British and Irish History

 

(image source: BBIH)

Presentation:

The Bibliography of British and Irish History (BBIH) is a high-quality record of over 660,000 publications relating to British and Irish History. This page helps you get the most from BBIH and shows how to use it in a blended learning environment.

The BBIH is the largest and most comprehensive record of what's been published in British and Irish History, and the British empire -- as well as on histories of migration, gender and race. BBIH has detailed records of over 660,000 books, articles, essays and theses, including thousands that were published this year. Each record has a detailed index to help discoverability. Records also provide links to locate a copy of a book in your Library, or go direct to journal article if your Library subscribes. This makes BBIH the best way to find what's been published, create reading lists, write a literature review, or swiftly identify the different kinds of academic publications used at university. 

Read more here

ADVANCE ARTICLES: Law & History Review [OPEN ACCESS]

 

(image source: Cambridge Core)


The Twentieth-Century Origins of the Medieval Lex Mercatoria Thesis (Jake Dyble)
DOI 10.1017/S0738248025100709
Abstract:

This article reappraises the early intellectual formation of the medieval “lex mercatoria” thesis: the idea that the international merchants of medieval Europe (or perhaps beyond) enjoyed a universal, autonomous, and customary body of commercial law created and administered by themselves. The debate over its existence, raging for at least 120 years, shows no signs of slowing, in part because the idea is of undoubted usefulness to both proponents (so-called “mercatorists”) and critics. The article offers a new account of the origins of this idea and looks to disaggregate different mercatorist conceptions. Revising the conventional genealogy that traces the theory through the work of Berthold Goldman to the nineteenth-century German scholar Levin Goldschmidt, who is much misunderstood in Anglophone scholarship, it argues that the idea’s powerful re-emergence in the second half of the twentieth century was mediated through two distinct channels, one centred around the British-German jurist Clive Schmitthoff and the other around the British historian William Mitchell. The latter yoked Goldschmidt’s emphasis on the medieval merchant class as a source of legal innovation to a thoroughly Anglophone concept: the “law merchant”. Critics, however, have engaged primarily with Schmitthoff’s conception, whose “strong” mercatorist argument was not only unusually forthright but reoriented the debate to focus on commercial law’s supposed autonomy from the law of territorial states, an even less plausible proposition in historical terms.

How Kantian is Kelsen’s Early Theory of International Law? (Wojciech Engelking)
DOI 10.1017/S0738248025100904
Abstract:

In this article, the author examines the influence of Immanuel Kant’s philosophical ideas on Hans Kelsen’s early theory of international law. He situates Kelsen’s work within the post-World War I context, where Kant’s vision of perpetual peace significantly impacted the creation of international organizations. The article delves into Kelsen’s seminal work “Das Problem der Souveränität und die Theorie des Völkerrechts,” exploring how Kelsen’s pure theory of law parallels and diverges from Kant’s concepts. While Kelsen’s ideas were shaped by Kantian philosophy, particularly in promoting a lawful international order, Kelsen transcended Kant by developing a more rigorous, epistemologically grounded legal theory. The author argues that Kelsen’s adaptation of Kantian principles reflects both a continuation and transformation of Kant’s vision, tailored to the political and cultural challenges of early 20th-century Europe.

Properties of Empire: Contests over the Commons on Newfoundland's French Shore, 1763–83 (Arianne Sedef Urus)
DOI 10.1017/S0738248024000245
Abstract:

France ceded territorial claims to Newfoundland to Britain in the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht, but French fishermen retained rights to operate seasonal cod fisheries along a stretch of coastline known as the French Shore. The treaty was one of several laws formalizing the property regime based on the commons that emerged among European fishermen in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Several demographic and geopolitical changes converged after the Seven Years’ War (1756–63) to raise the question of whether French fishing rights on the French Shore were exclusive or concurrent with British fishing rights on that coast. Treaty and customary law seemed at odds on this question, forcing fishermen, merchants, naval officers, and ministers to articulate what constituted property and how property should be conceived if an interimperial commons were to work. The conflicts that transpired highlighted how they answered these questions differently. Agents of the state tended to promote the commons while some British subjects tried to create a real property regime from below. Disputes over real property formation on the French Shore show another dimension of the early modern enclosure process, demonstrating both the role of the commons in empire and the challenges of resource management in an interimperial space.

British Imperial Constitutional Law and the Zionist Campaign against the Legislative Council in Mandatory Palestine (Maya Kreiner)
DOI 10.1017/S0738248025000070
Abstract:

This article examines the role of British imperial constitutional law in the Zionist campaign against establishing a Legislative Council in Palestine during the early 1930s. At the time, the British government sought to introduce limited self-government in Palestine through a parliamentary institution that would include both locals and British officials. However, the Zionist leadership opposed this initiative, fearing that a representative institution reflecting the country’s demographics would threaten the development of the Jewish National Home. This article explores the Zionist engagement with the British imperial constitutional experience within its campaign against the Legislative Council, emphasizing the strategic application of British constitutional law by two Zionist officials, Leo Kohn and Chaim Arlosoroff. Through this case, the article highlights the influence of British constitutional law on interactions between national movements and the British Empire. It argues that the British imperial system offered an adaptable and flexible political framework. The Zionists’ attentiveness to this flexibility not only sheds light on the interplay between Zionism and the British Empire during the mandatory period but also underscores the place of constitutional flexibility in political debates within the British Empire.

“The Problem Can Be Solved Only by Those Imbued with a Socialist Sense of Justice!”: Social Conflict and the Lower Courts in the German Democratic Republic (Ville Erikkilä & Luisa Gries)
DOI  10.1017/S0738248025000082
Abstract:

The article concentrates on the massive project of popularizing the court system and penal practice in the German Democratic Republic (GDR) in the 1960s. From then on, the GDR transferred a considerable amount of jurisdiction to collectives, which were further assigned the task of adjudicating “close to the people” within and alongside the existing legal system. We will analyze how the government, with this project, managed to translate the ideological task of sanctioning the inner-state enemy into existing legal concepts and how it used law as a means to advance its political aims. By focusing on the judicialization of politics in the GDR, the article examines the legal history of the GDR as an important example in the broader and pressing phenomenon of the relationship between law and authoritarian politics.

Innovation in the Courts: Ellis and Jeffery Hart Bent in New South Wales—an Analysis of Minute Books (Paula Jane Byrne) 
DOI 10.1017/S0738248024000233
Abstract:

Close reading of documents produced by the early courts in New South Wales show two young men, formerly barristers at the Northern Assizes, innovating in their court rooms. Such innovation derived from their merchant background rather than the traditions of mercy or paternalism of the Assizes. In such innovations colonial agents were empowered and could shape the workings of the courts themselves. Minutes of the court show the impact of new kinds of elites generated by wealth built on slavery on the courts in the colonies and the subsequent flowering of subcultures.

General Will or Public Order? The Debate on Criminal Justice Policy in Early Colonial Himalaya, 1815–1816 (Irit Ballas & Arik Moran)
DOI  10.1017/S0738248025000069
Abstract:

When the British East India Company (EIC) conquered the West Himalaya region in the 1810s, it faced a critical challenge commonly encountered by colonial empires: determining the extent of intervention in intracommunity criminal matters among colonized subjects. This article examines the archived correspondence of colonial officials regarding this challenge and scrutinizes the various arguments made for and against intervention. It shows that the alterity of the subject population was strategically employed by both sides of the debate, who simultaneously promoted contradictory agendas: for those advocating intervention, alterity rendered involvement in criminal matters necessary and just, whereas those averse to intervention employed the very same notion to justify the opposite stance. This dual usage is explained by exposing the contemporary ideas about criminal justice that underlay each of these positions: that criminal law should represent the general will of society, and that it must be executed by a centralized power so as to maintain public order. While these two tenets are commonly perceived as supporting one another, the analysis reveals their decoupling in colonial settings. The debates of EIC officials thus demonstrate how the colonial setting distorts ideas foundational to modern criminal law systems, casting doubt over whether they were ever truly in harmony to begin with.

Read more on Cambridge Core

27 June 2025

SEMINAR: Autour de E. Conte et L. Genton, Lire le droit du Moyen Age, Comprendre et utiliser les sources juridiques (XIIe-XVe siècles) [RHFD] (Guyancourt: Université Versailles-Saint-Quentin, 4 JUL 2025)


Elle est organisée le 4 juillet 2025 en partenariat avec le Laboratoire de Droit des Affaires et Nouvelles Technologies à la  
Faculté de Droit et de Science Politique, 3 rue de la division Leclerc, 78280 Guyancourt

Les échanges feront l’objet d’une captation video et d’une mise en ligne sur le site du DANTE et sur celui de la SHFD.

L’entrée est libre, à la seule condition de s’inscrire en envoyant un courrier à rhfd@univ-droit.fr

(source: RHFD/Pierre Bonin)

26 June 2025

ARTICLE: Mia KORPIOLA & Jørn ØYREHAGEN SUNDE, "The Influence of the Principle "Necessitas Non Habet Legem" on Nordic Medieval Laws on Theft" (Journal of the History of Ideas LXXXV (2024), nr. 4 (Oct), 681-711

 

(image source: UPenn Press)

First paragraph:

The chapter on theft in the Norwegian Code of the Realm, compiled through the initiative of King Magnus VI Lawmender (r. 1263–80) and promulgated by him in 1274, opens by declaring theft unlawful.1 However, the Code goes on to stipulate that larceny would not merit punishment in the case of a starving man who steals food after unsuccessfully seeking gainful [End Page 681] employment.2 The Code of 1274 then prescribes the penalties for petit larceny for first-time offenders who do work to support themselves. Thus, the Code explicitly distinguishes between starving unemployed persons who steal food out of necessity and those who steal despite having access to a livelihood. It was a longstanding and widespread norm, as the Code was drafted for the whole of rural Norway and remained in force well into the seventeenth century. In this article, we consider whether this norm could have been inspired by the canonical maxim necessitas non habet legem (necessity knows no law).

Read the article here: DOI  10.1353/jhi.2024.a944582.

25 June 2025

OPEN ACCESS: Book series "Études d'histoire du droit et des idées politiques" (dir. Florent GARNIER) (Toulouse: Presses de l'Université Toulouse Capitole) [OPENEDITION BOOKS]

 

(image source: Openedition)

Abstract:

The series of “History Studies of Law and Political Ideas” (EHDIP) was created in 1997 by the Toulouse Centre for the History of Law and Political Ideas. The host team develops scientific research in the continuation of a long tradition at the Faculty of Law and Political Science from Toulouse. The treated subjects (justice, political ideas, state, law education and right of the portfolio) are likely to interest a wide audience through the large temporal scope as well as national and European dimension.

Most recent title: Justicia, comercio e instituciones en la carrera de indias (siglo XVI) by Ana Belem Fernandez Castro (2024):

La gestión del monopolio comercial de la corona castellana sobre las Indias dio lugar a lafundación de instituciones especializadas en el comercio que resolvieran sus problemas y procuraran su regulación. En 1503 fue creada la Casa de la Contratación de las Indias, institución que se ocuparía de la coordinación del comercio colonial, funcionando como un tribunal especializado en la resolución de las disputas derivadas de la Carrera de Indias. ¿Pero realmente la audiencia de la Casa de la Contratación contribuyó a resolver los problemas del comercio indiano? Este trabajo busca responder a esa pregunta a través de la semántica de la eficiencia, definiendo si el desempeño jurisdiccional de la audiencia de la Casa de la Contratación reunió las cualidades de las instituciones eficientes. Tales cualidades, trasladadas al plano jurisdiccional suponen que la Casa haya conseguido administrar justicia restaurando el orden económico vulnerado entre los litigantes que frecuentaron el tribunal y garantizando el cumplimiento auténtico de las sentencias. En un contexto de pluralismo legal en el que los mercaderes usaban múltiples jurisdicciones para enfrentar los problemas del comercio, analizar el desempeño jurisdiccional de la Casa de la Contratación supone analizar asimismo el desempeño de las instituciones con las que interactuaba, principalmente el Consejo de Indias, el Consulado de Cargadores a Indias, la Real Audiencia de Sevilla y, en el plano extrajudicial, el arbitraje.
 (DOI 10.4000/12ai3)

Discover the full series here.

 

JOB: PhD candidate legal history (first half of the 20th century), University of Regensburg, Prof. Dr. Martin Löhnig, Chair for Civil Law, German and European Legal History and Canon Law (DEADLINE: 18 July 2025)

File:Die Universität Regensburg + Uniteich.jpg
By High Contrast - Own work, CC BY 3.0 de, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11655231
 
 
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ausgerichtete Campus-Universität mit vielseitigen und hochrenommierten Forschungsaktivitäten
und einem breiten und attraktiven Studienangebot für junge Menschen aus dem In- und Ausland.
Der Lehrstuhl von Martin Löhnig (www.martin-loehnig.de) widmet sich insbesondere der
deutschen und europäischen Rechtsgeschichte des 19./20. Jahrhunderts und der Juristischen
Zeitgeschichte. Dort ist eine Stelle als

Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter (m/w/d)

 

in Teilzeit (20 Stunden pro Woche) zu besetzen. Die befristete Beschäftigung erfolgt zur eigenen
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WissZeitVG). Die Vergütung erfolgt nach TV-L E13.

Ihre Aufgaben:
 
• Arbeit an Ihrer Dissertation im Rahmen eines rechtsgeschichtlichen
Forschungsprojekts (erste Hälfte 20. Jahrhundert).
• Unterstützung des Lehrstuhlinhabers bei der rechtshistorischen Arbeit.

Unsere Anforderungen:
 
• Interesse an den rechtsgeschichtlichen Arbeitsbereichen des Lehrstuhls.
• Fachliche Eignung gem. § 5 der PromO der Fakultät für Rechtswissenschaft.
• Flexibilität und Teamfähigkeit.

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• Anspruchsvolle und abwechslungsreiche Tätigkeit.
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Betreuung.
• Einen hohen Grad an Selbständigkeit mit flexiblen Arbeitszeiten.

Die Universität Regensburg strebt eine Erhöhung des Frauenanteils an und fordert daher
qualifizierte Frauen ausdrücklich zur Bewerbung auf. Die Universität Regensburg setzt sich
besonders für die Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf ein (nähere Informationen unter https://
www.uni-regensburg.de/universitaet/personalentwicklung/familien-service).

Bei im Wesentlichen gleicher Eignung werden schwerbehinderte Bewerberinnen und Bewerber
bevorzugt eingestellt. Bitte weisen Sie auf eine vorliegende Schwerbehinderung ggf. bereits in
der Bewerbung hin.

Bei Fragen wenden Sie sich bitte an Herrn Prof. Dr. Martin Löhnig
(martin.loehnig@ur.de). Wir freuen uns auf Ihre ausführliche Bewerbung, die
Sie bitte bis zum 18. Juli 2025 per E-Mail an martin.loehnig@ur.de senden.

Hinweise zum Datenschutz finden Sie unter https://www.uni-regensburg.de/assets/universitaet/stellenausschreibungen/dokumente/datenschutz_stellenausschreibungen_2020.pdf
 
Find more here

JOURNAL: Special Issue "The Turn to Historiography in International Law" (eds. Thomas KLEINLEIN and Jean d'ASPREMONT) (Journal of the History of International Law/Revue d'histoire du droit international XXVII (2025), nr. 1)

 

(image source: Brill)

Editorial: Bridging Past and Future. A New Chapter for JHIL (Raphael Schäfer & Inge Van Hulle)
DOI 10.1163/15718050-bja10125

The Turn to Historiography in International Law: Limitations and New Horizons (Thomas Kleinlein & Jean d'Aspremont)
DOI 10.1163/15718050-bja10120
Abstract:
This article, for the sake of introducing the contributions to the special issue that follows, revisits some of the key scholarly controversies that have punctuated the last decades of debates and critiques of the histories of international law. Commonly called the ‘turn to history’, this special issue construes this development rather as a historiographical turn. Particular attention is paid to the kinship between the historiographical turn and postcolonial critiques of international law, the relationship between the historiographical turn and the increased interest in the history of international law scholarship, and the relationship between such historiographical appetite and the idea of presentism. Finally, and before introducing the contributions to this special issue, this essay floats the idea of a post-progressive approach to the history of international law, with a view to creating new spaces for the renewal of the never-ending critique and rewriting of the histories of international law.

The ‘Narrative Turn’ and Its Limits (Felix Lange) 
DOI 10.1163/15718050-bja10117
Abstract:

This article explores the implications of the ‘narrative turn’ for the history of international law. It refers to the epistemological and methodological debate about narrative elements in historical writing and examines how claims about ‘history as fiction’ have been received in writings on the history of international law. It uses Reinhart Koselleck’s concept of the ‘veto power of sources’ as a means of addressing the ‘narrative turn’ and its implications. As an example, the article points to the methodological flaws of Vladimir Putin’s historical justification of Russian aggression against Ukraine.

The Narrative Fragmentation of International Legal History (Ryan Martínez Mitchell)
DOI 10.1163/15718050-bja10121
Abstract:

The historiography of international law is highly pluralistic and resistant to unifying master narratives. This pluralism is reflected in diverging authorial strategies. To categorise such strategies, this article borrows Hayden White’s typology of ‘emplotments’, or narrative logics, as a useful method of classification. As the article shows, leading accounts of international law’s history have often involved conflicting forms of subjective identification with protagonists and forces. This article also suggests that the turn from a relatively homogenous understanding of international legal history to one characterised by inescapable fragmentation can be dated to the geopolitical, ideological, and cultural transitions of the 1950s-60s. Entrenched ideological conflict and decolonization resulted in a stubbornly diverse historiography that remains the essential condition of the field today. For modern historians of international law, it is crucial to recognise this narrative fragmentation as well as the resulting choices it imposes upon authors making sense of the past.

Recovering the Radical Tradition in the International Legal History of Decolonisation (Tor Krever)
DOI 10.1163/15718050-bja10119
Abstract:

Despite growing interest in the international legal history of decolonisation, significant elisions remain. Through a ‘symptomatic reading’ of recent engagements with that history, this article argues that such work contributes to an erasure of the Marxist tradition in the history of the Third World movement. It argues that Marxism and a Marxist theory of imperialism were important influences on anti-colonial political thought and practice, while also shaping radical Third World lawyers’ attitudes towards the relationship between international law and imperialism and the uses and limits of the former in challenging the latter. Against the erasure of this tradition, the article calls for a recovery of silenced histories of radicalism and anti-imperial thought and of a tradition that still offers resources for an emancipatory politics grounded in a critique of international law, imperialism and global capitalism.

Authorial Labour in the Postcolonial Historiography of International Law (Michele Tedeschini)
DOI 10.1163/15718050-bja10118 
Abstract:

The article draws on the psychoanalysis of Jacques Lacan to offer an alternative reading of three texts that exemplify a postcolonial trend in the historiography of international law. These texts are Antony Anghie’s 2005 Imperialism, Sovereignty, and International Law; Rose Parfitt’s 2019 The Process of International Legal Reproduction; and Luis Eslava, Michael Fakhri, and Vasuki Nesiah’s introduction to the 2017 volume Bandung, Global History, and International Law. Disregarding the merits of the historical accounts they offer, the article draws on these text to show (i) that postcolonial historiographers of international law construct their own authorial selves as they reconstruct the past; and (ii) that this procedure, which is informed by desire, turns every (postcolonial) history into a personal history.

Futurism: Neglected Histories of International Law (Rebecca Mignot-Mahdavi)
DOI 10.1163/15718050-bja10122
Abstract:

This contribution proposes to unearth, scrutinise, and possibly disrupt futuristic moves in international law. Existing scholarship has demonstrated that the narrative technology of historicisation in international legal scholarship typically adheres to a linear and unidirectional temporality. This sequence, it is argued here, progresses not solely from the past to the present but also extends from the past and present towards the future. This significant step has been overlooked thus far. The article demonstrates that futuristic moves in international law not only fit within the linear and unidirectional approaches to time and international law but are also intimately linked with a celebration of human agency and of international lawyers’ capacity to act upon and fix future crises. Futuristic moves, however, are not solely future-oriented as they might appear. They are, the article shows, a narrative technology to govern the present. This narrative technology, to date, has mainly perpetuated existing power structures and historical modes and modalities of domination and oppression. The article suggests that inspiration is to be found in Afrofuturist movements as a source for counternarratives to disrupt the current use of futurism as a narrative technology of continuity, governance and oppression.

 Book reviews

  • Investment Law’s Alibis: Colonialism, Imperialism, Debt and Development, written by David Schneiderman (Oliver Hailes)
  • Portraits of Women in International Law: New Names and Forgotten Faces?, edited by Immi Tallgren (Aden Knaap)
Read the full issue here.